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.. _module-pw_string:
=========
pw_string
=========
String manipulation is a very common operation, but the standard C and C++
string libraries have drawbacks. The C++ functions are easy-to-use and powerful,
but require too much flash and memory for many embedded projects. The C string
functions are lighter weight, but can be difficult to use correctly. Mishandling
of null terminators or buffer sizes can result in serious bugs.
The ``pw_string`` module provides the flexibility, ease-of-use, and safety of
C++-style string manipulation, but with no dynamic memory allocation and a much
smaller binary size impact. Using ``pw_string`` in place of the standard C
functions eliminates issues related to buffer overflow or missing null
terminators.
-------------
Compatibility
-------------
C++17
-----
Usage
-----
pw::string::Format
==================
The ``pw::string::Format`` and ``pw::string::FormatVaList`` functions provide
safer alternatives to ``std::snprintf`` and ``std::vsnprintf``. The snprintf
return value is awkward to interpret, and misinterpreting it can lead to serious
bugs.
Size report: replacing snprintf with pw::string::Format
-------------------------------------------------------
The ``Format`` functions have a small, fixed code size cost. However, relative
to equivalent ``std::snprintf`` calls, there is no incremental code size cost to
using ``Format``.
.. include:: format_size_report
Safe Length Checking
====================
This module provides two safer alternatives to ``std::strlen`` in case the
string is extremely long and/or potentially not null-terminated.
First, a constexpr alternative to C11's ``strnlen_s`` is offerred through
:cpp:func:`pw::string::ClampedCString`. This does not return a length by
design and instead returns a string_view which does not require
null-termination.
Second, a constexpr specialized form is offered where null termination is
required through :cpp:func:`pw::string::NullTerminatedLength`. This will only
return a length if the string is null-terminated.
.. cpp:function:: constexpr std::string_view pw::string::ClampedCString(std::span<const char> str)
.. cpp:function:: constexpr std::string_view pw::string::ClampedCString(const char* str, size_t max_len)
Safe alternative to the string_view constructor to avoid the risk of an
unbounded implicit or explicit use of strlen.
This is strongly recommended over using something like C11's strnlen_s as
a string_view does not require null-termination.
.. cpp:function:: constexpr pw::Result<size_t> pw::string::NullTerminatedLength(std::span<const char> str)
.. cpp:function:: pw::Result<size_t> pw::string::NullTerminatedLength(const char* str, size_t max_len)
Safe alternative to strlen to calculate the null-terminated length of the
string within the specified span, excluding the null terminator. Like C11's
strnlen_s, the scan for the null-terminator is bounded.
Returns:
null-terminated length of the string excluding the null terminator.
OutOfRange - if the string is not null-terminated.
Precondition: The string shall be at a valid pointer.
pw::string::Copy
================
The ``pw::string::Copy`` functions provide a safer alternative to
``std::strncpy`` as it always null-terminates whenever the destination
buffer has a non-zero size.
.. cpp:function:: StatusWithSize Copy(const std::string_view& source, std::span<char> dest)
.. cpp:function:: StatusWithSize Copy(const char* source, std::span<char> dest)
.. cpp:function:: StatusWithSize Copy(const char* source, char* dest, size_t num)
Copies the source string to the dest, truncating if the full string does not
fit. Always null terminates if dest.size() or num > 0.
Returns the number of characters written, excluding the null terminator. If
the string is truncated, the status is ResourceExhausted.
Precondition: The destination and source shall not overlap.
Precondition: The source shall be a valid pointer.
pw::StringBuilder
=================
``pw::StringBuilder`` facilitates building formatted strings in a fixed-size
buffer. It is designed to give the flexibility of ``std::string`` and
``std::ostringstream``, but with a small footprint.
.. code-block:: cpp
#include "pw_log/log.h"
#include "pw_string/string_builder.h"
pw::Status LogProducedData(std::string_view func_name,
std::span<const std::byte> data) {
pw::StringBuffer<42> sb;
// Append a std::string_view to the buffer.
sb << func_name;
// Append a format string to the buffer.
sb.Format(" produced %d bytes of data: ", static_cast<int>(data.data()));
// Append bytes as hex to the buffer.
sb << data;
// Log the final string.
PW_LOG_DEBUG("%s", sb.c_str());
// Errors encountered while mutating the string builder are tracked.
return sb.status();
}
Supporting custom types with StringBuilder
------------------------------------------
As with ``std::ostream``, StringBuilder supports printing custom types by
overriding the ``<<`` operator. This is is done by defining ``operator<<`` in
the same namespace as the custom type. For example:
.. code-block:: cpp
namespace my_project {
struct MyType {
int foo;
const char* bar;
};
pw::StringBuilder& operator<<(pw::StringBuilder& sb, const MyType& value) {
return sb << "MyType(" << value.foo << ", " << value.bar << ')';
}
} // namespace my_project
Internally, ``StringBuilder`` uses the ``ToString`` function to print. The
``ToString`` template function can be specialized to support custom types with
``StringBuilder``, though it is recommended to overload ``operator<<`` instead.
This example shows how to specialize ``pw::ToString``:
.. code-block:: cpp
#include "pw_string/to_string.h"
namespace pw {
template <>
StatusWithSize ToString<MyStatus>(MyStatus value, std::span<char> buffer) {
return Copy(MyStatusString(value), buffer);
}
} // namespace pw
Size report: replacing snprintf with pw::StringBuilder
------------------------------------------------------
StringBuilder is safe, flexible, and results in much smaller code size than
using ``std::ostringstream``. However, applications sensitive to code size
should use StringBuilder with care.
The fixed code size cost of StringBuilder is significant, though smaller than
``std::snprintf``. Using StringBuilder's << and append methods exclusively in
place of ``snprintf`` reduces code size, but ``snprintf`` may be difficult to
avoid.
The incremental code size cost of StringBuilder is comparable to ``snprintf`` if
errors are handled. Each argument to StringBuilder's ``<<`` expands to a
function call, but one or two StringBuilder appends may have a smaller code size
impact than a single ``snprintf`` call.
.. include:: string_builder_size_report
-----------
Future work
-----------
* StringBuilder's fixed size cost can be dramatically reduced by limiting
support for 64-bit integers.
* Consider integrating with the tokenizer module.
Zephyr
======
To enable ``pw_string`` for Zephyr add ``CONFIG_PIGWEED_STRING=y`` to the
project's configuration.