.. _module-pw_containers:

-------------
pw_containers
-------------
The ``pw_containers`` module provides embedded-friendly container classes.

pw::Vector
==========
The Vector class is similar to ``std::vector``, except it is backed by a
fixed-size buffer. Vectors must be declared with an explicit maximum size
(e.g. ``Vector<int, 10>``) but vectors can be used and referred to without the
max size template parameter (e.g. ``Vector<int>``).

To allow referring to a ``pw::Vector`` without an explicit maximum size, all
Vector classes inherit from the generic ``Vector<T>``, which stores the maximum
size in a variable. This allows Vectors to be used without having to know
their maximum size at compile time. It also keeps code size small since
function implementations are shared for all maximum sizes.

pw::Vector<char>
----------------
As a variable length type with a fixed-size buffer, ``Vector<char>`` makes a
useful lightweight container for strings, avoiding the computation and bug-prone
nature of null-termination, and overhead of ``pw::StringBuffer`` for long-term
storage.

To facilitate this use, ``Vector<char>`` may be initialized from a
``const char*`` or  ``std::string_view``, and provides a ``view()`` method
and conversion operator to obtain a ``std::string_view`` over the character
data.

.. code:: c++

  // Initialize from string.
  pw::Vector<char, 32> greeting = "Hello";

.. code:: c++

  // Initialize as part of an aggregate
  struct Person {
    pw::Vector<char, 32> name;
    int age;
  };

  Person bob = {
    .name = "Bob",
    .age = 42;
  };

.. code:: c++

  // Initialize using std::string_view conversion from pw::StringBuffer
  pw::StringBuffer<150> buffer;
  buffer << "Hello";
  pw::Vector<char, 32> greeting = buffer;

  // Or use conversion to std::string_view to add to a buffer.
  buffer << " " << person.name;

Since the internal array is not null-terminated, to use the string in code that
expects that, :ref:`module-pw_string` provides a version of ``pw::string::Copy``
that takes a vector as a source.

.. code:: c++

  #include "pw_containers/vector.h"
  #include "pw_string/vector.h"

  pw::Vector<char, 32> greeting = "Hello";
  char c_str[33];

  pw::string::Copy(greeting, c_str);
  printf("%s\n", greeting);

pw::IntrusiveList
=================
IntrusiveList provides an embedded-friendly singly-linked intrusive list
implementation. An intrusive list is a type of linked list that embeds the
"next" pointer into the list object itself. This allows the construction of a
linked list without the need to dynamically allocate list entries.

In C, an intrusive list can be made by manually including the "next" pointer as
a member of the object's struct. ``pw::IntrusiveList`` uses C++ features to
simplify the process of creating an intrusive list. ``pw::IntrusiveList``
provides a class that list elements can inherit from. This protects the "next"
pointer from being accessed by the item class, so only the ``pw::IntrusiveList``
class can modify the list.

Usage
-----
While the API of ``pw::IntrusiveList`` is similar to a ``std::forward_list``,
there are extra steps to creating objects that can be stored in this data
structure. Objects that will be added to a ``IntrusiveList<T>`` must inherit
from ``IntrusiveList<T>::Item``. They can inherit directly from it or inherit
from it through another base class. When an item is instantiated and added to a
linked list, the pointer to the object is added to the "next" pointer of
whichever object is the current tail.

That means two key things:

 - An instantiated ``IntrusiveList<T>::Item`` must remain in scope for the
   lifetime of the ``IntrusiveList`` it has been added to.
 - A linked list item CANNOT be included in two lists. Attempting to do so
   results in an assert failure.

.. code-block:: cpp

  class Square
     : public pw::IntrusiveList<Square>::Item {
   public:
    Square(unsigned int side_length) : side_length(side_length) {}
    unsigned long Area() { return side_length * side_length; }

   private:
    unsigned int side_length;
  };

  pw::IntrusiveList<Square> squares;

  Square small(1);
  Square large(4000);
  // These elements are not copied into the linked list, the original objects
  // are just chained together and can be accessed via
  // `IntrusiveList<Square> squares`.
  squares.push_back(small);
  squares.push_back(large);

  {
    // When different_scope goes out of scope, it removes itself from the list.
    Square different_scope = Square(5);
    squares.push_back(&different_scope);
  }

  for (const auto& square : squares) {
    PW_LOG_INFO("Found a square with an area of %lu", square.Area());
  }

  // Like std::forward_list, an iterator is invalidated when the item it refers
  // to is removed. It is *NOT* safe to remove items from a list while iterating
  // over it in a range-based for loop.
  for (const auto& square_bad_example : squares) {
    if (square_bad_example.verticies() != 4) {
      // BAD EXAMPLE of how to remove matching items from a singly linked list.
      squares.remove(square_bad_example);  // NEVER DO THIS! THIS IS A BUG!
    }
  }

  // To remove items while iterating, use an iterator to the previous item.
  auto previous = squares.before_begin();
  auto current = squares.begin();

  while (current != squares.end()) {
    if (current->verticies() != 4) {
      current = squares.erase_after(previous);
    } else {
      previous = current;
      ++current;
    }
  }

pw::containers::FlatMap
=======================
FlatMap provides a simple, fixed-size associative array with lookup by key or
value. ``pw::containers::FlatMap`` contains the same methods and features for
looking up data as std::map. However, there are no methods that modify the
underlying data.  The underlying array in ``pw::containers::FlatMap`` does not
need to be sorted. During construction, ``pw::containers::FlatMap`` will
perform a constexpr insertion sort.

pw::containers::FilteredView
============================
``pw::containers::FilteredView`` provides a view of a container that only
contains elements that match the specified filter. This class is similar to
C++20's `std::ranges::filter_view
<https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/ranges/filter_view>`_.

To create a ``FilteredView``, pass a container and a filter object, which may be
a lambda or class that implements ``operator()`` for the container's value type.

.. code-block:: cpp

  std::array<int, 99> kNumbers = {3, 1, 4, 1, ...};

  for (int even : FilteredView(kNumbers, [](int n) { return n % 2 == 0; })) {
    PW_LOG_INFO("This number is even: %d", even);
  }

pw::containers::WrappedIterator
===============================
``pw::containers::WrappedIterator`` is a class that makes it easy to wrap an
existing iterator type. It reduces boilerplate by providing ``operator++``,
``operator--``, ``operator==``, ``operator!=``, and the standard iterator
aliases (``difference_type``, ``value_type``, etc.). It does not provide the
dereference operator; that must be supplied by a derived class.

To use it, create a class that derives from ``WrappedIterator`` and define
``operator*()`` and ``operator->()`` as appropriate. The new iterator might
apply a transformation to or access a member of the values provided by the
original iterator. The following example defines an iterator that multiplies the
values in an array by 2.

.. code-block:: cpp

  // Divides values in a std::array by two.
  class DoubleIterator
      : public pw::containers::WrappedIterator<DoubleIterator, const int*, int> {
   public:
    constexpr DoubleIterator(const int* it) : WrappedIterator(it) {}

    int operator*() const { return value() * 2; }

    // Don't define operator-> since this iterator returns by value.
  };

  constexpr std::array<int, 6> kArray{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

  void SomeFunction {
    for (DoubleIterator it(kArray.begin()); it != DoubleIterator(kArray.end()); ++it) {
      // The iterator yields 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 instead of the original values.
    }
  };

``WrappedIterator`` may be used in concert with ``FilteredView`` to create a
view that iterates over a matching values in a container and applies a
transformation to the values. For example, it could be used with
``FilteredView`` to filter a list of packets and yield only one field from the
packet.

The combination of ``FilteredView`` and ``WrappedIterator`` provides some basic
functional programming features similar to (though much more cumbersome than)
`generator expressions <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0289/>`_ (or `filter
<https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#filter>`_/`map
<https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#map>`_) in Python or streams
in Java 8. ``WrappedIterator`` and ``FilteredView`` require no memory
allocation, which is helpful when memory is too constrained to process the items
into a new container.

pw::containers::to_array
========================
``pw::containers::to_array`` is a C++14-compatible implementation of C++20's
`std::to_array <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array/to_array>`_.
It converts a C array to a ``std::array``.

Compatibility
=============
* C++17

Dependencies
============
* ``pw_span``

Zephyr
======
To enable ``pw_containers`` for Zephyr add ``CONFIG_PIGWEED_CONTAINERS=y`` to
the project's configuration.