.. default-domain:: cpp

.. highlight:: sh

.. _chapter-pw-rpc:

------
pw_rpc
------
The ``pw_rpc`` module provides a system for defining and invoking remote
procedure calls (RPCs) on a device.

.. attention::

  Under construction.

Services
========
A service is a logical grouping of RPCs defined within a .proto file. ``pw_rpc``
uses these .proto definitions to generate code for a base service, from which
user-defined RPCs are implemented.

``pw_rpc`` supports multiple protobuf libraries, and the generated code API
depends on which is used.

.. toctree::
  :maxdepth: 1

  nanopb/docs

Testing a pw_rpc integration
============================
After setting up a ``pw_rpc`` server in your project, you can test that it is
working as intended by registering the provided ``EchoService``, defined in
``pw_rpc_protos/echo.proto``, which echoes back a message that it receives.

.. literalinclude:: pw_rpc_protos/echo.proto
  :language: protobuf
  :lines: 14-

For example, in C++ with nanopb:

.. code:: c++

  #include "pw_rpc/server.h"

  // Include the apporpriate header for your protobuf library.
  #include "pw_rpc/echo_service_nanopb.h"

  constexpr pw::rpc::Channel kChannels[] = { /* ... */ };
  static pw::rpc::Server server(kChannels);

  static pw::rpc::EchoService echo_service;

  void Init() {
    server.RegisterService(&echo_service);
  }

Protocol description
====================
Pigweed RPC servers and clients communicate using ``pw_rpc`` packets. These
packets are used to send requests and responses, control streams, cancel ongoing
RPCs, and report errors.

Packet format
-------------
Pigweed RPC packets consist of a type and a set of fields. The packets are
encoded as protocol buffers. The full packet format is described in
``pw_rpc/pw_rpc_protos/packet.proto``.

.. literalinclude:: pw_rpc_protos/packet.proto
  :language: protobuf
  :lines: 14-

The packet type and RPC type determine which fields are present in a Pigweed RPC
packet. This table describes the meaning of and fields included with each packet
type when sent from client to server and server to client.

+-------------+----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| packet type |         client-to-server         |         server-to-client       |
+=============+==================================+================================+
| RPC         | RPC request                      | RPC response                   |
|             |                                  |                                |
|             | .. code-block:: text             | .. code-block:: text           |
|             |                                  |                                |
|             |   - channel_id                   |   - channel_id                 |
|             |   - service_id                   |   - service_id                 |
|             |   - method_id                    |   - method_id                  |
|             |   - payload                      |   - payload                    |
|             |     (unless first client stream) |   - status                     |
|             |                                  |     (unless in server stream)  |
|             |                                  |                                |
+-------------+----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| STREAM_END  | Client stream finished           | Server stream and RPC finished |
|             |                                  |                                |
|             | .. code-block:: text             | .. code-block:: text           |
|             |                                  |                                |
|             |   - channel_id                   |   - channel_id                 |
|             |   - service_id                   |   - service_id                 |
|             |   - method_id                    |   - method_id                  |
|             |                                  |   - status                     |
|             |                                  |                                |
+-------------+----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| CANCEL      | Cancel server stream             | (not used)                     |
|             |                                  |                                |
|             | .. code-block:: text             |                                |
|             |                                  |                                |
|             |   - channel_id                   |                                |
|             |   - service_id                   |                                |
|             |   - method_id                    |                                |
|             |                                  |                                |
+-------------+----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| ERROR       | (not used)                       | Unexpected or malformed packet |
|             |                                  |                                |
|             |                                  | .. code-block:: text           |
|             |                                  |                                |
|             |                                  |   - channel_id                 |
|             |                                  |   - service_id (if relevant)   |
|             |                                  |   - method_id (if relevant)    |
|             |                                  |   - status                     |
|             |                                  |                                |
+-------------+----------------------------------+--------------------------------+

Error packets
-------------
The server sends ``ERROR`` packets when it receives a packet it cannot process.
The status field indicates the type of error.

* ``DATA_LOSS`` -- Failed to decode a packet.
* ``NOT_FOUND`` -- The requested service or method does not exist. In the
  ``ERROR`` packet, the service ID is always set, but the method ID is only set
  if the requested service exists.
* ``FAILED_PRECONDITION`` -- Attempted to cancel an RPC that is not pending.
* ``RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED`` -- The request came on a new channel, but a channel
  could not be allocated for it.
* ``INTERNAL`` -- The server was unable to respond to an RPC due to an
  unrecoverable internal error.

Inovking a service method
-------------------------
Calling an RPC requires a specific sequence of packets. This section describes
the protocol for calling service methods of each type: unary, server streaming,
client streaming, and bidirectional streaming.

Unary RPC
^^^^^^^^^
In a unary RPC, the client sends a single request and the server sends a single
response.

.. seqdiag::
  :scale: 110

  seqdiag {
    default_note_color = aliceblue;

    client -> server [
        label = "request",
        leftnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload"
    ];

    client <- server [
        label = "response",
        rightnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload\nstatus"
    ];
  }

Server streaming RPC
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
In a server streaming RPC, the client sends a single request and the server
sends any number of responses followed by a ``STREAM_END`` packet.

.. seqdiag::
  :scale: 110

  seqdiag {
    default_note_color = aliceblue;

    client -> server [
        label = "request",
        leftnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload"
    ];

    client <-- server [
        noactivate,
        label = "responses (zero or more)",
        rightnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload"
    ];

    client <- server [
        label = "done",
        rightnote = "PacketType.STREAM_END\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\nstatus"
    ];
  }

Server streaming RPCs may be cancelled by the client. The client sends a
``CANCEL`` packet to terminate the RPC.

.. seqdiag::
  :scale: 110

  seqdiag {
    default_note_color = aliceblue;

    client -> server [
        label = "request",
        leftnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload"
    ];

    client <-- server [
        noactivate,
        label = "responses (zero or more)",
        rightnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload"
    ];

    client -> server [
        noactivate,
        label = "cancel",
        leftnote  = "PacketType.CANCEL\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID"
    ];

    client <- server [
        label = "done",
        rightnote = "PacketType.STREAM_END\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\nstatus"
    ];
  }

Client streaming RPC
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
In a client streaming RPC, the client sends any number of RPC requests followed
by a ``STREAM_END`` packet. The server then sends a single response.

The first client-to-server RPC packet does not include a payload.

.. attention::

  ``pw_rpc`` does not yet support client streaming RPCs.

.. seqdiag::
  :scale: 110

  seqdiag {
    default_note_color = aliceblue;

    client -> server [
        label = "start",
        leftnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID"
    ];

    client --> server [
        noactivate,
        label = "requests (zero or more)",
        leftnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload"
    ];

    client -> server [
        noactivate,
        label = "done",
        leftnote = "PacketType.STREAM_END\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID"
    ];

    client <- server [
        label = "response",
        rightnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload\nstatus"
    ];
  }

The server may terminate a client streaming RPC at any time by sending its
response packet.

.. seqdiag::
  :scale: 110

  seqdiag {
    default_note_color = aliceblue;

    client -> server [
        label = "start",
        leftnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID"
    ];

    client --> server [
        noactivate,
        label = "requests (zero or more)",
        leftnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload"
    ];

    client <- server [
        label = "response",
        rightnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload\nstatus"
    ];
  }

Bidirectional streaming RPC
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
In a bidirectional streaming RPC, the client sends any number of requests and
the server sends any number of responses. The client sends a ``STREAM_END``
packet when it has finished sending requests. The server sends a ``STREAM_END``
packet after it receives the client's ``STREAM_END`` and finished sending its
responses.

The first client-to-server RPC packet does not include a payload.

.. attention::

  ``pw_rpc`` does not yet support bidirectional streaming RPCs.

.. seqdiag::
  :scale: 110

  seqdiag {
    default_note_color = aliceblue;

    client -> server [
        label = "start",
        leftnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID"
    ];

    client --> server [
        noactivate,
        label = "requests (zero or more)",
        leftnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload"
    ];

    ... (messages in any order) ...

    client <-- server [
        noactivate,
        label = "responses (zero or more)",
        rightnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload"
    ];

    client -> server [
        noactivate,
        label = "done",
        leftnote = "PacketType.STREAM_END\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID"
    ];

    client <-- server [
        noactivate,
        label = "responses (zero or more)",
        rightnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload"
    ];

    client <- server [
        label = "done",
        rightnote = "PacketType.STREAM_END\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\nstatus"
    ];
  }

The server may terminate the RPC at any time by sending a ``STREAM_END`` packet
with the status, even if the client has not sent its ``STREAM_END``. The client
may cancel the RPC at any time by sending a ``CANCEL`` packet.

.. seqdiag::
  :scale: 110

  seqdiag {
    default_note_color = aliceblue;

    client -> server [
        label = "start",
        leftnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID"
    ];

    client --> server [
        noactivate,
        label = "requests (zero or more)",
        leftnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload"
    ];

    client <-- server [
        noactivate,
        label = "responses (zero or more)",
        rightnote = "PacketType.RPC\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\npayload"
    ];

    client -> server [
        noactivate,
        label = "cancel",
        leftnote = "PacketType.CANCEL\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID"
    ];

    client <- server [
        label = "done",
        rightnote = "PacketType.STREAM_END\nchannel ID\nservice ID\nmethod ID\nstatus"
    ];
  }

RPC server
==========
Declare an instance of ``rpc::Server`` and register services with it.

.. admonition:: TODO

  Document the public interface

RPC server implementation
-------------------------

The Method class
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The RPC Server depends on the ``pw::rpc::internal::Method`` class. ``Method``
serves as the bridge between the ``pw_rpc`` server library and the user-defined
RPC functions. ``Method`` takes an RPC packet, decodes it using a protobuf
library (if applicable), and calls the RPC function. Since ``Method`` interacts
directly with the protobuf library, it must be implemented separately for each
protobuf library.

``pw::rpc::internal::Method`` is not implemented as a facade with different
backends. Instead, there is a separate instance of the ``pw_rpc`` server library
for each ``Method`` implementation. There are a few reasons for this.

* ``Method`` is entirely internal to ``pw_rpc``. Users will never implement a
  custom backend. Exposing a facade would unnecessarily expose implementation
  details and make ``pw_rpc`` more difficult to use.
* There is no common interface between ``pw_rpc`` / ``Method`` implementations.
  It's not possible to swap between e.g. a Nanopb and a ``pw_protobuf`` RPC
  server because the interface for the user-implemented RPCs changes completely.
  This nullifies the primary benefit of facades.
* The different ``Method`` implementations can be built easily alongside one
  another in a cross-platform way. This makes testing simpler, since the tests
  build with any backend configuration. Users can select which ``Method``
  implementation to use simply by depending on the corresponding server library.

Packet flow
^^^^^^^^^^^

Requests
~~~~~~~~

.. blockdiag::

  blockdiag {
    packets [shape = beginpoint];

    group {
      label = "pw_rpc library";

      server [label = "Server"];
      service [label = "Service"];
      method [label = "internal::Method"];
    }

    stubs [label = "generated services", shape = ellipse];
    user [label = "user-defined RPCs", shape = roundedbox];

    packets -> server -> service -> method -> stubs -> user;
    packets -> server [folded];
    method -> stubs [folded];
  }

Responses
~~~~~~~~~

.. blockdiag::

  blockdiag {
    user -> stubs [folded];

    group {
      label = "pw_rpc library";

      server [label = "Server"];
      method [label = "internal::Method"];
      channel [label = "Channel"];
    }

    stubs [label = "generated services", shape = ellipse];
    user [label = "user-defined RPCs", shape = roundedbox];
    packets [shape = beginpoint];

    user -> stubs -> method [folded];
    method -> server -> channel;
    channel -> packets [folded];
  }