.. _module-pw_span:

=======
pw_span
=======
The ``pw_span`` module provides :cpp:class:`pw::span`, an implementation of
C++20's `std::span <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/span>`_.
``std::span`` is a non-owning view of an array of values. The intent is for
:cpp:class:`pw::span` is to match the C++20 standard as closely as possible.

:cpp:class:`pw::span` and ``std::span`` are fully compatible and
interchangeable. The classes implicitly convert to one another.

.. note::

 ``pw_span:polyfill`` provides ``<span>`` and a ``std::span`` class that is
 identical to :cpp:class:`pw::span`. The ``std::span`` polyfill is DEPRECATED;
 do NOT use it for new code.  Use :cpp:class:`pw::span` instead, or
 ``std::span`` if you are building with C++20.

--------------
Using pw::span
--------------
:cpp:class:`pw::span` is a convenient abstraction that wraps a pointer and a
size. :cpp:class:`pw::span` is especially useful in APIs. Spans support implicit
conversions from C arrays, ``std::array``, or any STL-style container, such as
``std::string_view``.

Functions operating on an array of bytes typically accept pointer and size
arguments:

.. code-block:: cpp

  bool ProcessBuffer(char* buffer, size_t buffer_size);

  bool DoStuff() {
    ProcessBuffer(c_array, sizeof(c_array));
    ProcessBuffer(array_object.data(), array_object.size());
    ProcessBuffer(data_pointer, data_size);
  }

Pointer and size arguments can be replaced with a :cpp:class:`pw::span`:

.. code-block:: cpp

  #include <span>

  // With pw::span, the buffer is passed as a single argument.
  bool ProcessBuffer(pw::span<uint8_t> buffer);

  bool DoStuff() {
    ProcessBuffer(c_array);
    ProcessBuffer(array_object);
    ProcessBuffer(pw::span(data_pointer, data_size));
  }

.. tip::

  Use ``pw::span<std::byte>`` or ``pw::span<const std::byte>`` to represent
  spans of binary data. Use ``pw::as_bytes`` or ``pw::as_writeable_bytes`` to
  convert any span to a byte span.

  .. code-block:: cpp

    void ProcessData(pw::span<const std::byte> data);

    void DoStuff() {
      std::array<AnyType, 7> data = { ... };
      ProcessData(pw::as_bytes(pw::span(data)));
    }

  ``pw_bytes/span.h`` provides ``ByteSpan`` and ``ConstByteSpan`` aliases for
  these types.

-------------
Compatibility
-------------
Works with C++14, but some features require C++17. In C++20, use ``std::span``
instead.

------
Zephyr
------
To enable ``pw_span`` for Zephyr add ``CONFIG_PIGWEED_SPAN=y`` to the project's
configuration.