.. _module-pw_trace_tokenized:

==================
pw_trace_tokenized
==================
Pigweed's tracing module provides facilities for applications to trace
information about the execution of their application. The module is split into
two components:

1. The facade, provided elsewhere, which is only a macro interface layer
2. The backend (this module), is one implemention of the low level tracing.

------
Status
------
This module is currently in development, and is therefore still undergoing
significant changes.

Future work will add:

1. Add a more complete API for how to retrieve data from ring_buffer.
2. Add a Python library to decode the trace data.
3. Add examples with sample output (especially for filtering and triggering).
4. Add tools to retrieve trace data.
5. Add more sinks, such as RTT.
6. Add support to more platforms.
7. Improve the locking behaviour and provide default trace locking
   implementions.

--------
Overview
--------
The tokenized trace backend aims to be a reasonable tradeoff of trace features
and event size for most applications. It works by encoding all compile time data
for a trace event into a tokenized number. This provides a good amount of
compression, while maintaining the full trace feature set.

In addition the tokenized trace backend adds flexibility through callbacks,
which allows the application to do things such as filtering trace_events and
triggering tracing to turn on and off. This flexibility can help maximize the
effectiveness of a limited trace buffer as well as be a valuable tool while
debugging.


Compatibility
-------------
Most of this module is compatible with C and C++, the only exception to this is
the ``RegisterCallbackWhenCreated`` helper class.

Dependencies
------------
``pw_assert``
``pw_log``
``pw_preprocessor``
``pw_status``
``pw_tokenizer``
``pw_trace:facade``
``pw_varint``

---------
Macro API
---------
All code should use the trace API facade directly, this backend fully
implements all features of the tracing facade.


Event Callbacks & Data Sinks
----------------------------
The tokenized trace module adds both event callbacks and data sinks which
provide hooks into tracing.

The *event callbacks* are called when trace events occur, with the trace event
data. Using the return flags, these callbacks can be used to adjust the trace
behaviour at runtime in response to specific events. If requested (using
``called_on_every_event``) the callback will be called on every trace event
regardless if tracing is currently enabled or not. Using this, the application
can trigger tracing on or off when specific traces or patterns of traces are
observed, or can selectively filter traces to preserve the trace buffer.

The event callback is a single function which is provided the details of the
trace as arguments, and returns ``pw_trace_TraceEventReturnFlags``, which can be
used to change how the trace is handled.

.. cpp:function:: pw_trace_TraceEventReturnFlags pw_trace_EventCallback( \
    void* user_data, \
    uint32_t trace_ref, \
    pw_trace_EventType event_type, \
    const char* module, \
    uint32_t trace_id, \
    uint8_t flags)
.. cpp:function:: pw_Status pw_trace_RegisterEventCallback( \
    pw_trace_EventCallback callback, \
    bool called_on_every_event, \
    void* user_data, \
    pw_trace_EventCallbackHandle* handle)
.. cpp:function:: pw_Status pw_trace_UnregisterEventCallback( \
    pw_trace_EventCallbackHandle handle)


The *data sinks* are called only for trace events which get processed (tracing
is enabled, and the sample not skipped). The sink callback is called with the
encoded bytes of the trace event, which can be used by the application to
connect different data sinks. The callback is broken into three callbacks
``pw_trace_SinkStartBlock``, ``pw_trace_SinkAddBytes``, and
``pw_trace_SinkEndBlock``. ``Start`` is called with the size of the block,
before any bytes are emitted and can be used if needed to allocate space.
``AddBytes`` is then called multiple times with chunks of bytes. Finally ``End``
is called to allow any cleanup to be done by the sink if neccessary. Not all
callbacks are required, it is acceptible to provide nullptr for any callbacks
which you don't require.

.. cpp:function:: void pw_trace_SinkStartBlock(void* user_data, size_t size)
.. cpp:function:: void pw_trace_SinkAddBytes( \
    void* user_data, \
    const void* bytes, \
    size_t size)
.. cpp:function:: void pw_trace_SinkEndBlock(void* user_data)
.. cpp:function:: pw_Status pw_trace_RegisterSink( \
    pw_trace_SinkStartBlock start, \
    pw_trace_SinkAddBytes add_bytes, \
    pw_trace_SinkEndBlock end_block, \
    void* user_data, \
    pw_trace_SinkHandle* handle)
.. cpp:function:: pw_Status pw_trace_UnregisterSink(pw_trace_SinkHandle handle)

Trace Reference
---------------
Some use-cases might involve referencing a specific trace event, for example
to use it as a trigger or filtering. Since the trace events are tokenized, a
macro is provided to generate the token to use as a reference. All the fields
must match exactly to generate the correct trace reference. If the trace does
not have a group, use ``PW_TRACE_GROUP_LABEL_DEFAULT``.

.. cpp:function:: PW_TRACE_REF(event_type, module, label, flags, group)
.. cpp:function:: PW_TRACE_REF_DATA( \
   event_type, module, label, flags, group, type)


-----------
Time source
-----------
Tracing rquires the platform to provide the time source for tracing, this can
be done in one of a few ways.

1. Create a file with the default time functions, and provide as build variable
   ``pw_trace_tokenized_time``, which will get pulled in as a dependency.
2. Provide time functions elsewhere in project, and ensure they are included.
3. Redefine the trace time macros to something else, other then the default
   trace time functions.

.. cpp:function:: PW_TRACE_TIME_TYPE pw_trace_GetTraceTime()
.. cpp:function:: PW_TRACE_GET_TIME()
.. cpp:function:: size_t pw_trace_GetTraceTimeTicksPerSecond()
.. cpp:function:: PW_TRACE_GET_TIME_TICKS_PER_SECOND()


------
Buffer
------
The optional trace buffer adds a ring buffer which contains the encoded trace
data. This is still a work in progress, in particular better methods for
retireving the data still needs to be added. Currently there is an accessor for
the underlying ring buffer object, but this is a short term solution.

.. cpp:function:: void ClearBuffer()
.. cpp:function:: pw::ring_buffer::PrefixedEntryRingBuffer* GetBuffer()

The buffer has two configurable options:

1. PW_TRACE_BUFFER_SIZE_BYTES: The total size of the ring buffer in bytes.
2. PW_TRACE_BUFFER_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES: The maximum single trace object size.
   Including the token, time, and any attached data. Any trace object larger
   then this will be dropped.

Added dependencies
------------------
``pw_ring_buffer``
``pw_varint``


-------
Logging
-------
The optional trace buffer logging adds support to dump trace buffers to the log.
Buffers are converted to base64-encoding then split across log lines. Trace logs
are surrounded by 'begin' and 'end' tags.

Ex. Invoking PW_TRACE_INSTANT with 'test1' and 'test2', then calling this
function would produce this in the output logs:

.. code:: sh

  [TRACE] begin
  [TRACE] data: BWdDMRoABWj52YMB
  [TRACE] end

Added dependencies
------------------
``pw_base64``
``pw_log``
``pw_ring_buffer``
``pw_string``
``pw_tokenizer``
``pw_varint``

--------
Examples
--------
The examples all use `pw_trace` sample app to provide the trace data. Details
for how to build, run, and decode the traces are included at the top of each
example. This is early work, and is provided as an example of how different
tracing concepts can look.

Basic
-----
The basic example turns on tracing and dumps all trace output to a file provided
on the command line.

Trigger
-------
The trigger example demonstrates how a trace event can be used as a trigger to
start and stop capturing a trace. The examples makes use of `PW_TRACE_REF` and
`PW_TRACE_REF_DATA` to specify a start and stop event for the capture. This can
be useful if the trace buffer is small and you wish to capture a specific
series of events.

Filter
------
The filter example demonstrates how a callback can be used to filter which trace
events get processed and saved. In this example all events from the processing
task which don't have traceId equal to 3 are removed. Both the other task traces
are not removed. This can be a useful feature while debugging as it limits the
amount of events which get stored to the buffer, and only saves the events of
interest.