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# Kotlin Programming Language

Welcome to [Kotlin](https://kotlinlang.org/)!   
It is an open-source, statically typed programming language supported and developed by [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/) and open-source contributors.

Some handy links:

 * [Kotlin Site](https://kotlinlang.org/)
 * [Getting Started Guide](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/tutorials/getting-started.html)
 * [Try Kotlin](https://play.kotlinlang.org/)
 * [Kotlin Standard Library](https://kotlinlang.org/api/latest/jvm/stdlib/index.html)
 * [Issue Tracker](https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issues/KT)
 * [Forum](https://discuss.kotlinlang.org/)
 * [Kotlin Blog](https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/)
 * [Subscribe to Kotlin YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCP7uiEZIqci43m22KDl0sNw)
 * [Follow Kotlin on Twitter](https://twitter.com/kotlin)
 * [Public Slack channel](https://slack.kotlinlang.org/)
 * [TeamCity CI build](https://teamcity.jetbrains.com/project.html?tab=projectOverview&projectId=Kotlin)

## Kotlin Multiplatform capabilities

Support for multiplatform programming is one of Kotlin’s key benefits. It reduces time spent writing and maintaining the same code for [different platforms](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/mpp-supported-platforms.html) while retaining the flexibility and benefits of native programming.

 * [Kotlin Multiplatform Mobile](https://kotlinlang.org/lp/mobile/) for sharing code between Android and iOS
 * [Getting Started with Kotlin Multiplatform Mobile Guide](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/mobile/create-first-app.html)
 * [Kotlin Multiplatform Benefits](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/multiplatform.html)
 * [Share code on all platforms](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/mpp-share-on-platforms.html#share-code-on-all-platforms)
 * [Share code on similar platforms](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/mpp-share-on-platforms.html#share-code-on-similar-platforms)

## Editing Kotlin

 * [Kotlin IntelliJ IDEA Plugin](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/tutorials/getting-started.html)
 * [Kotlin Eclipse Plugin](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/tutorials/getting-started-eclipse.html)
 * [Kotlin Sublime Text Package](https://github.com/vkostyukov/kotlin-sublime-package)

## Build environment requirements

In order to build Kotlin distribution you need to have:

- JDK 1.6, 1.7, 1.8 and 9
- Setup environment variables as following:

        JAVA_HOME="path to JDK 1.8"
        JDK_16="path to JDK 1.6"
        JDK_17="path to JDK 1.7"
        JDK_18="path to JDK 1.8"
        JDK_9="path to JDK 9"

For local development, if you're not working on bytecode generation or the standard library, it's OK to have only JDK 1.8 and JDK 9 installed, and to point `JDK_16` and `JDK_17` environment variables to your JDK 1.8 installation.

You also can use [Gradle properties](https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/build_environment.html#sec:gradle_configuration_properties) to setup `JDK_*` variables.

Note: The JDK 6 for MacOS is not available on Oracle's site. You can install it by

```bash
$ brew tap homebrew/cask-versions
$ brew install --cask java6
```

On Windows you might need to add long paths setting to the repo:

    git config core.longpaths true 

## Building

The project is built with Gradle. Run Gradle to build the project and to run the tests 
using the following command on Unix/macOS:

    ./gradlew <tasks-and-options>
    
or the following command on Windows:

    gradlew <tasks-and-options>

On the first project configuration gradle will download and setup the dependencies on

* `intellij-core` is a part of command line compiler and contains only necessary APIs.
* `idea-full` is a full blown IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition to be used in the plugin module.

These dependencies are quite large, so depending on the quality of your internet connection 
you might face timeouts getting them. In this case you can increase timeout by specifying the following 
command line parameters on the first run: 
    
    ./gradlew -Dhttp.socketTimeout=60000 -Dhttp.connectionTimeout=60000

## Important gradle tasks

- `clean` - clean build results
- `dist` - assembles the compiler distribution into `dist/kotlinc/` folder
- `ideaPlugin` - assembles the Kotlin IDEA plugin distribution into `dist/artifacts/ideaPlugin/Kotlin/` folder
- `install` - build and install all public artifacts into local maven repository
- `runIde` - build IDEA plugin and run IDEA with it
- `coreLibsTest` - build and run stdlib, reflect and kotlin-test tests
- `gradlePluginTest` - build and run gradle plugin tests
- `compilerTest` - build and run all compiler tests
- `ideaPluginTest` - build and run all IDEA plugin tests

To reproduce TeamCity build use `-Pteamcity=true` flag. Local builds don't run proguard and have jar compression disabled by default.

**OPTIONAL:** Some artifacts, mainly Maven plugin ones, are built separately with Maven.
Refer to [libraries/ReadMe.md](libraries/ReadMe.md) for details.

To build Kotlin/Native, see
[kotlin-native/README.md](kotlin-native/README.md#building-from-source).

### Building for different versions of IntelliJ IDEA and Android Studio

Kotlin plugin is intended to work with several recent versions of IntelliJ IDEA and Android Studio. Each platform is allowed to have a different set of features and might provide a slightly different API. Instead of using several parallel Git branches, the project stores everything in a single branch, but files may have counterparts with version extensions (\*.as32, \*.172, \*.181). The primary file is expected to be replaced with its counterpart when targeting a non-default platform.

A More detailed description of this scheme can be found at https://github.com/JetBrains/bunches/blob/master/ReadMe.md.

Usually, there's no need to care about multiple platforms as all features are enabled everywhere by default. Additional counterparts should be created if there's an expected difference in behavior or an incompatible API usage is required **and** there's no reasonable workaround to save source compatibility. Kotlin plugin contains a pre-commit check that shows a warning if a file has been updated without its counterparts.

Development for some particular platform is possible after 'switching' that can be done with the [Bunch Tool](https://github.com/JetBrains/bunches/releases) from the command line.

```sh
cd kotlin-project-dir

# switching to IntelliJ Idea 2019.1
bunch switch 191
```

## <a name="working-in-idea"></a> Working with the project in IntelliJ IDEA

Working with the Kotlin project requires at least IntelliJ IDEA 2019.1. You can download IntelliJ IDEA 2019.1 [here](https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/download).

After cloning the project, to import the project in IntelliJ choose the project directory in the Open project dialog. Then, after project opened, select 
`File` -> `New` -> `Module from Existing Sources...` in the menu, and select `build.gradle.kts` file in the project's root folder.

In the import dialog, select `use default gradle wrapper`.

To be able to run tests from IntelliJ easily, check `Delegate IDE build/run actions to Gradle` and choose `Gradle Test Runner` in the Gradle runner settings after importing the project.

At this time, you can use the latest released `1.3.x` version of the Kotlin plugin for working with the code. To make sure you have the latest version installed, use `Tools` -> `Kotlin` -> `Configure Kotlin Plugin Updates`.

### Compiling and running

From this root project there are Run/Debug Configurations for running `IDEA` or the `Generate Compiler Tests` for example; so if you want to try out the latest and greatest IDEA plugin

* `VCS` -> `Git` -> `Pull`
* Run the `IDEA` run configuration in the project
* A child IntelliJ IDEA with the Kotlin plugin will then startup

### Dependency verification

We have a [dependencies verification](https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/dependency_verification.html) feature enabled in the
repository for all Gradle builds. Gradle will check hashes (md5 and sha256) of used dependencies and will fail builds with
`Dependency verification failed` errors when local artifacts are absent or have different hashes listed in the
[verification-metadata.xml](https://github.com/JetBrains/kotlin/blob/master/gradle/verification-metadata.xml) file.

It's expected that `verification-metadata.xml` should only be updated with the commits that modify the build. There are some tips how
to perform such updates:

- Use auto-generation for getting an initial list of new hashes (verify updates relate to you changes).

`./gradlew -M sha256,md5 help`

*(any other task may be used instead of `help`)*

- Consider removing old versions from the file if you are updating dependencies.
- Leave meaningful `origin` attribute (instead of `Generated by Gradle`) if you did some manual verification of the artifact.
- Always do manual verification if several hashes are needed and a new `also-trust` tag has to be added.
- If you’re adding a dependency with OS mentioning in an artifact name (`darwin`, `mac`, `osx`, `linux`, `windows`), remember to add 
  counterparts for other platforms.

# License
Kotlin is distributed under the terms of the Apache License (Version 2.0). See [license folder](license/README.md) for details.

# Contributing

Please be sure to review Kotlin's [contributing guidelines](docs/contributing.md) to learn how to help the project.