:::{default-domain} bzl
:::

# How to integrate a debugger

This guide explains how to integrate a debugger
with your Python applications built with `rules_python`.

There are two ways available:  the {obj}`--debugger` flag, and the {any}`RULES_PYTHON_ADDITIONAL_INTERPRETER_ARGS` environment variable.

## {obj}`--debugger` flag

### Basic Usage

The {obj}`--debugger` flag allows you to inject an extra dependency into `py_test`
and `py_binary` targets so that they have a custom debugger available at
runtime. The flag is roughly equivalent to manually adding it to `deps` of
the target under test.

To use the debugger, you typically provide the `--debugger` flag to your `bazel run` command.

Example command line:

```bash
bazel run --@rules_python//python/config_settings:debugger=@pypi//pudb \
    //path/to:my_python_binary
```

This will launch the Python program with the `@pypi//pudb` dependency added.

The exact behavior (e.g., waiting for attachment, breaking at the first line)
depends on the specific debugger and its configuration.

:::{note}
The specified target must be in the requirements.txt file used with
`pip.parse()` to make it available to Bazel.
:::

### Python `PYTHONBREAKPOINT` Environment Variable

For more fine-grained control over debugging, especially for programmatic breakpoints,
you can leverage the Python built-in `breakpoint()` function and the
`PYTHONBREAKPOINT` environment variable.

The `breakpoint()` built-in function, available since Python 3.7,
can be called anywhere in your code to invoke a debugger. The `PYTHONBREAKPOINT`
environment variable can be set to specify which debugger to use.

For example, to use `pdb` (the Python Debugger) when `breakpoint()` is called:

```bash
PYTHONBREAKPOINT=pudb.set_trace bazel run \
    --@rules_python//python/config_settings:debugger=@pypi//pudb \
    //path/to:my_python_binary
```

For more details on `PYTHONBREAKPOINT`, refer to the [Python documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#breakpoint).

### Setting a default debugger

By adding settings to your user or project `.bazelrc` files, you can have
these settings automatically added to your bazel invocations. e.g.

```
common --@rules_python//python/config_settings:debugger=@pypi//pudb
common --test_env=PYTHONBREAKPOINT=pudb.set_trace
```

Note that `--test_env` isn't strictly necessary. The `py_test` and `py_binary`
rules will respect the `PYTHONBREAKPOINT` environment variable in your shell.

## debugpy (e.g. vscode)

You can integrate `debugpy` (i.e. the debugger used in vscode or PyCharm) by using a launcher script. This method leverages {any}`RULES_PYTHON_ADDITIONAL_INTERPRETER_ARGS` to inject the debugger into the Bazel-managed Python process.

For the remainder of this document, we assume you are using vscode.

![VS Code debugpy demo](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/shayanhoshyari/issue-reports/refs/heads/main/rules_python/vscode_debugger/docs/demo.gif)


1.  **Create a launcher script**: Save the following Python script as `.vscode/debugpy/launch.py` (or another location, adjusting `launch.json` accordingly). This script bridges VS Code's debugger with Bazel.

    <details>
    <summary><code>launch.py</code></summary>

    ```python
    """
    Launcher script for VS Code (debugpy).

    This script is not managed by Bazel; it is invoked by VS Code's launch.json to
    wrap the Bazel command, injecting the debugger into the runtime environment.
    """

    import argparse
    import os
    import shlex
    import subprocess
    import sys
    from typing import cast

    def main() -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Launch bazel debugpy with test or run.")
        parser.add_argument("mode", choices=["test", "run"], help="Choose whether to run a bazel test or run.")
        parser.add_argument("args", help="The bazel target to test or run (e.g., //foo:bar) and any additional args")
        args = parser.parse_args()

        # Import debugpy, provided by VS Code
        try:
            # debugpy._vendored is needed for force_pydevd to perform path manipulation.
            import debugpy._vendored

            # pydev_monkey patches os and subprocess functions to handle new launched processes.
            from _pydev_bundle import pydev_monkey
        except ImportError as exc:
            print(f"Error: This script must be run via VS Code's debug adapter. Details: {exc}")
            sys.exit(-1)

        # Prepare arguments for the monkey-patched process.
        # is_exec=False ensures we don't replace the current process immediately.
        patched_args = cast(list[str], pydev_monkey.patch_args(["python", "dummy.py"], is_exec=False))
        pydev_monkey.send_process_created_message()

        # Extract the injected arguments (skipping the dummy python executable and script).
        # These args invoke the pydevd entrypoint which connects back to the debugger.
        rules_python_interpreter_args = " ".join(patched_args[1:-1])

        bzl_args = shlex.split(args.args)
        if not bzl_args:
            print("Error: At least one argument (the target) is required.")
            sys.exit(-1)

        cmd = [
            "bazel",
            args.mode,
            # Propagate environment variables to the test/run environment.
            "--test_env=PYDEVD_RESOLVE_SYMLINKS",
            "--test_env=RULES_PYTHON_ADDITIONAL_INTERPRETER_ARGS",
            "--test_env=IDE_PROJECT_ROOTS",
            bzl_args[0],
        ]

        if bzl_args[1:]:
            if args.mode == "run":
                # Append extra arguments for 'run' mode.
                cmd.append("--")
                cmd.extend(bzl_args[1:])
            elif args.mode == "test":
                # Append extra arguments for 'test' mode.
                cmd.extend([f"--test_arg={arg}" for arg in bzl_args[1:]])

        env = {
            **os.environ.copy(),
            # Inject the debugger arguments into the rules_python toolchain.
            "RULES_PYTHON_ADDITIONAL_INTERPRETER_ARGS": rules_python_interpreter_args,
            # Ensure breakpoints hit the original source files, not Bazel's symlinks.
            "PYDEVD_RESOLVE_SYMLINKS": "1",
        }

        # Execute Bazel.
        result = subprocess.run(cmd, env=env, check=False)
        sys.exit(result.returncode)

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        main()
    ```
    </details>

2.  **Configure `launch.json`**: Add the following configurations to your `.vscode/launch.json`. This tells VS Code to use the launcher script.

    <details>
    <summary><code>launch.json</code></summary>

    ```json
    {
        "version": "0.2.0",
        "configurations": [
            {
                "name": "Python: Bazel py run",
                "type": "debugpy",
                "request": "launch",
                "program": "${workspaceFolder}/.vscode/debugpy/launch.py",
                "args": ["run", "${input:BazelArgs}"],
                "console": "integratedTerminal"
            },
            {
                "name": "Python: Bazel py test",
                "type": "debugpy",
                "request": "launch",
                "program": "${workspaceFolder}/.vscode/debugpy/launch.py",
                "args": ["test", "${input:BazelArgs}"],
                "console": "integratedTerminal"
            }
        ],
        "inputs": [
            {
                "id": "BazelArgs",
                "type": "promptString",
                "description": "Bazel target and arguments (e.g., //foo:bar --my-arg)"
            }
        ]
    }
    ```
    </details>

    Note: If you find `justMyCode` behavior is incompatible with Bazel's symlinks (causing breakpoints to be missed), you can set `"justMyCode": false` in `launch.json` and use the `IDE_PROJECT_ROOTS` environment variable (set to `"${workspaceFolder}"`) to explicitly map your workspace.